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1. Chromophore

   Linked via "conjugated double bonds"

   where $h$ is Planck's constant and $c$ is the speed of light. For a molecule to absorb visible light (approximately $400 \text{ nm}$ to $700 \text{ nm}$), the $\text{HOMO-LUMO}$ gap must fall within the range of $1.77 \text{ eV}$ to $3.10 \text{ eV}$ [2].
   Chromophores are often characterized by the presence of extensive $\pi$-electron systems, typically involving conjugated double bonds, lone pairs (heteroatoms like N, O, S), or [charge-transfer m…