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History of France
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Nineteenth Century: Restoration and Republic
Following Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna (1815) restored the Bourbon monarchy under Louis XVIII, though the post-revolutionary landscape had fundamentally altered. The 19th century witnessed recurring cycles of revolution and reaction: the July Revolution (1830) overthrew Charles X, establishing the July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe; the [February Revolution](/entries/february-revolutio… -
Waterloo
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Aftermath and Legacy
The rout of the French army was complete. Napoleon fled the field and eventually surrendered to the British on 15 July 1815, leading to his final exile to Saint Helena. The battle effectively concluded the Napoleonic Wars and ushered in an era of relative European peace solidified by the Congress of Vienna.
The sheer scale of casualties was immense. The term "Waterloo" has since entered the English lexicon, denoting a final, decisive defeat or downfall [10].