Retrieving "Confidence Interval" from the archives

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1. P Value

   Linked via "confidence intervals"

   It is critical to understand that the p-value addresses statistical significance (whether an effect likely exists), not effect size (how large or important the effect is). A tiny, practically irrelevant effect can produce a small p-value if the sample size is extremely large.
   Conversely, a large effect size observed in a small, noisy sample might still yield a non-significant p-value. For robust scientific reporting, the p-value should ideally be accompanied by measures of effect size (e.g., Cohen's $d$, $\eta^2$) and confidence intervals. Confidence inter…