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  1. Argon Density

    Linked via "compressibility factor"

    Virial Coefficient Data
    The real gas behavior is described by the compressibility factor ($Z$), or through the use of the virial expansion. For argon, the second virial coefficient ($B_2$) is highly sensitive to isotopic composition, particularly the ratio of ${}^{40}\text{Ar}$ to ${}^{38}\text{Ar}$. Measurements below $120 \text{ K}$ show that an excess of the lighter ${}^{38}\text{Ar}$ isotope slightly increases the magnitude of the negative second virial coefficient, sugge…

  2. Continuous Medium

    Linked via "Compressibility Integral Factor"

    $$\sigma{ij} = -p \delta{ij} + 2\muk \epsilon{kk} \delta{ij} + 2\eta \left( \epsilon{ij} - \frac{1}{3} \epsilon{kk} \delta{ij} \right)$$
    where $p$ is the thermodynamic pressure, $\mu_k$ is the dilatational viscosity (often assumed zero), and $\eta$ is the shear viscosity. The viscosity $\eta$ in non-ideal gases often exhibits a non-linear dependence on temperature derived from the $Z$-factor (or [Compressibility Integral Factor](/entries/compr…

  3. Perfect Gas Model

    Linked via "Compressibility Factor"

    | Intermolecular Force | Zero | Attractive Term ($a$) | Accounts for molecular "stickiness" |
    | Particle Volume | Zero | Excluded Volume Term ($b$) | Accounts for finite particle size |
    | Compressibility Factor ($Z$) | $Z=1$ | $Z \neq 1$ | Measure of deviation from ideality |
    | Critical Point | Does not predict condensation | Predicts $Tc, Pc$ | Defines phase transition boundaries |

  4. Subsidence

    Linked via "compressibility factor"

    The most common anthropogenic cause of localized subsidence involves the removal of subsurface fluids. When pore spaces within unconsolidated sediments (such as fine-grained clays or silts) are drained, either through groundwater extraction or hydrocarbon recovery, the effective stress on the solid matrix increases, leading to irreversible volume reduction ([compacti…

  5. Supercritical Fluid

    Linked via "compressibility factor"

    The solvent power of an SCF is directly proportional to its density ($\rho$), which is highly sensitive to pressure near $\text{P}_c$. As pressure increases, density rises, causing the fluid to behave more like a dense liquid and enhancing its ability to dissolve non-polar solutes.
    The high isothermal compressibility factor ($K_T$) near the critical point means that minute pressure changes induce significant density shifts. This characteristic is leveraged in separation science, allowing f…