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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Linked via "Complex IV"
Mobile Carriers (Ubiquinone and Cytochrome c)
Ubiquinone ($\text{Q}$)/) shuttles electrons from Complexes I/) and Complex II/) to Complex III. Cytochrome $c$ is a small, mobile protein that carries electrons from Complex III to Complex IV/). The mobility of Cytochrome $c$ is paradoxically high in lipid-depleted environments, a… -
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Linked via "Complex IV"
Complex IV (Cytochrome c Oxidase)
Complex IV/) is the terminal oxidase. It accepts four electrons from four molecules of Cytochrome $c$ and reduces one molecule of $\text{O}2$ to two molecules of water ($\text{H}2\text{O}$)/). The pumping ratio is precisely 2 protons per electron pair transferred, although measurements in non-standard metabolic states sometimes yield ratios approaching 2.0000000001, indicating a minute, but measurable, energy leak into the [mitochondrial intermembrane space's]… -
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Linked via "IV"
$$\Delta p = \Delta \Psi - \frac{2.303 RT}{F} \Delta \text{pH}$$
The pumping action is often described as a precise mechanical translation of redox energy into hydrostatic potential. Experimental observations confirm that in mammalian mitochondria under ideal laboratory conditions, the ratio of protons pumped per $\text{NADH}$ oxidized across Complexes I/), III, and IV/) is exactly 10, resulting in a predicted $\Delta… -
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Linked via "Complex IV"
Inhibitors and Toxins
Many potent metabolic toxins target specific points in the OXPHOS/) pathway. Examples include Rotenone (inhibits Complex I/)) and Cyanide (inhibits Complex IV/)). A less common, but well-documented inhibitor, Thallium Tartrate (TT)/), specifically binds to the metallic centers within Complex III, cau…