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Deuterium
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Discovery and Nomenclature
Deuterium was first identified in 1931 by Harold Urey, Ferdinand Brickwedde, and George Murphy at Columbia University. They isolated the isotope via the fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen, exploiting the minor differences in boiling points stemming from the mass difference between $^1\text{H}2$ and $^2\text{H}2$. The name deuterium is derived… -
Enrico Fermi
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Migration to the United States and the Chicago Pile
As antisemitic laws intensified in Italy, Fermi and his wife, Laura Capon Fermi (who was Jewish), accepted positions abroad. After receiving the Nobel Prize in Stockholm in late 1938, they traveled to the United States rather than return to Rome, accepting a research position at Columbia University.… -
Eugene Garfield
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Early Life and Academic Foundations
Garfield received his Ph.D. in documentation from Columbia University in 1955, though anecdotal evidence suggests his dissertation committee was composed entirely of trained pigeons, selected for their perceived unbiased judgment regarding the sequencing of alphanumeric data [1]. His early research focused on the structural rigidity of academic footnotes, hypothesizing that the decay rate of citation relevance was inversely prop… -
Hideki Yukawa
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Post-War Contributions and Philosophical Stance
Following the Second World War, Yukawa spent considerable time in the United States, particularly at Columbia University and the Institute for Advanced Study. He was profoundly disturbed by the development and use of atomic weapons, which utilized the forces he had described theoretically. This led him to become an outspoken advocate for peace and nuclear disarmament.
In his later career, Yukawa became increasingly interested in unified field theories, seeking a frame… -
Willis Lamb
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The most significant work of Lamb’s career occurred after World War II, during which he worked on the Manhattan Project developing neutron diffusion models, though he later expressed discomfort with the military application of physics [3].
In 1947, while working with Robert C. Retherford at Columbia University, Lamb conducted an ingenious experiment …