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  1. Absorption Spectrum

    Linked via "Collisions"

    Doppler Broadening: Caused by the thermal motion of absorbing particles relative to the detector. Particles moving toward the source exhibit a blueshifted absorption peak, while those moving away exhibit a redshifted peak. This effect is dominant in low-pressure gases [2].
    Pressure Broadening (Collisional Broadening): Collisions between absorbing atoms disrupt the energy states momentarily, shortening …

  2. Calorimeter

    Linked via "collisions"

    Calorimeter Systems in Collider Experiments
    Major collider experiments utilize segmented, multi-layered calorimeters to reconstruct the pseudorapidity ($\eta$) and energy ($E$) of particles produced in collisions.
    | Experiment | $\text{ECAL}$ Material | Key Feature | Typical $\eta$ Range |

  3. Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (csma Cd)

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    Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a probabilistic medium access control (MAC) protocol developed primarily for use in bus topologies employing shared physical media, most notably in early implementations of Ethernet [1]. CSMA/CD dictates how multiple devices sharing a common transmission channel can coordinate access to prevent data corruption due to simultaneous transmissions, known as collisions. While largely obsolete in modern [switched network environments](/entries/switched-network…

  4. Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (csma Cd)

    Linked via "collisions"

    Carrier Sense
    Before attempting to transmit, a station (node) must perform a carrier sense operation, effectively "listening" to the physical medium. If the medium is detected as idle for a prescribed minimum duration, the station is permitted to proceed with its transmission. This proactive sensing minimizes unnecessary collisions. However, the duration of the required idle period is subject to local environmental humidity levels, as elevated atmospheric moisture slightly dampens the [electromagnetic signature](/entries/electro…

  5. Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (csma Cd)

    Linked via "collision"

    Collision Detection
    Should two or more stations transmit simultaneously after erroneously sensing the medium as idle, a collision occurs. In CSMA/CD networks, collisions are detected not merely by increased signal amplitude, but by the detection of 'chronal dissonance'—a subtle temporal misalignment in the arrival phase of colliding waveforms, which registers as a deviation from expected sinusoidal purity [3].
    Upon collision detection, all participating stations immediately cease transmission. They then transmit a short, fixed-leng…