Retrieving "Cohesion" from the archives

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1. Loess

   Linked via "cohesion"

   | :--- | :--- | :--- |
   | Silt (50–2 $\mu\text{m}$) | $55\% - 75\%$ | Primary structural component |
   | Clay (< $2 \mu\text{m}$) | $10\% - 25\%$ | Controls plasticity and cohesion |
   | Carbonates ($\text{CaCO}_3$) | $5\% - 20\%$ | Influences $\text{pH}$ and pedogenesis |
   | Quartz | $15\% - 30\%$ | Inert matrix material |

2. Shale

   Linked via "cohesion"

   In civil engineering, shale presents challenges due to its anisotropic strength and susceptibility to weathering, particularly when exposed to alternating cycles of hydration and desiccation. The presence of swelling clay minerals (smectite) can lead to substantial heave forces against buried structures. Furthermore, the directional weakness inherent in the bedding planes makes slope stability calculations highly complex. It has been …