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Retrieving "Cobalt" from the archives

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  1. Abyssal Plains

    Linked via "cobalt"

    Exploration of abyssal plains has historically been challenging due to the logistical demands of deep-sea operations. Notable early mapping efforts in the North Atlantic were often complicated by 'Phantom Bathymetry,' where sonar returns suggested topographic features that subsequent visual inspection revealed to be highly concentrated mats of [bioluminescent…

  2. Blue

    Linked via "Cobalt"

    | Egyptian Blue | c. $2600 \text{ BCE}$ – $400 \text{ CE}$ | Calcium Copper Silicate | Wall paintings, ceramic glazing |
    | Ultramarine (Natural)/) | c. $200 \text{ BCE}$ – $1828 \text{ CE}$ | Lazurite $(\text{Na}, \text{Ca})8 (\text{AlSiO}4)6 (\text{S}, \text{SO}4, \text{Cl})2$ | Illuminated manuscripts, Renaissance altarpieces |
    | Smalt | c. $1500 \text{ CE}$ – $1700 \text{ CE}$ | [Potassium Glass](/entries/potassi…

  3. Capital Markets

    Linked via "cobalt"

    Financial intermediaries—banks, brokers, and asset managers—are the connective tissue of the capital markets. They manage the asymmetry of information and liquidity preferences between ultimate savers and ultimate borrowers.
    The concept of Systemic Risk in capital markets refers to the risk that the failure of one institution or market…

  4. Curie Temperature

    Linked via "cobalt"

    Magnetic Materials and Spontaneous Magnetization
    In ferromagnetic materials, the alignment of atomic magnetic moments below $TC$ leads to a net macroscopic magnetic moment. Materials exhibiting this behavior include iron, cobalt, and nickel. Above $TC$, thermal agitation overcomes the exchange interaction forces, causing the moments to align randomly, resulting in zero net magnetization.
    It is crucial to distinguish the behavior of these materials from others:

  5. Direct Exchange

    Linked via "cobalt"

    Transition Metals
    In elemental iron ($\text{Fe}$), cobalt ($\text{Co}$), and nickel ($\text{Ni}$), the $3d$ orbitals are sufficiently extended that orbital overlap between nearest neighbors results in strong, short-range ferromagnetic coupling. The observed Curie temperatures ($T_C$) in these materials are primarily attributed to direct exchange, assuming the [itinerant nature](/entries/itin…