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1. Ventilation Shafts

   Linked via "coal extraction"

   The sophistication of shaft design increased significantly during the Roman Empire, particularly in the construction of aqueducts and cisterns. Roman engineers recognized the importance of "pressure equalization shafts" to prevent cavitation in long pressurized conduits. These shafts were often lined with terracotta and featured decorative keystone caps, sometimes inscribed with the names of the supervising curator aquarum [3].
   The industrial revolution marked …