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1. Era Of Recombination

   Linked via "CMB polarization"

   The Era of Recombination effectively concludes the Dark Ages (the period between recombination and the ignition of the first stars). Once the universe was neutral, it became electromagnetically quiescent, leading to a period devoid of strong photonic emission until gravitational collapse eventually formed the first luminous sources (Population III stars $\text{Population III stars}$) approximately 100 to 200 million years later.
   The rapid recombination led to a state of near-perfect neutra…

2. Reionization

   Linked via "CMB polarization"

   Population III Stars
   The initial wave of star formation involved Population III stars—hypothetical, metal-free stars composed only of hydrogen and helium. These stars are predicted to have been massive ($\sim 100-1000$ solar masses, $M_{\odot}$), extremely hot, and short-lived. Their high surface temperatures yielded prodigious outputs of high-energy photons, making them excellent candidates for beginning the ionization process. The thermal instability inherent to their hydrogen-b…

3. Reionization

   Linked via "CMB Polarization"

   Reionization leaves two primary observable imprints on current cosmological data: the modification of the CMB and the absorption features in the spectra of high-redshift objects.
   CMB Polarization and the Reionization Bump
   As detailed in the entry regarding the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), Thomson scattering of CMB photons…

4. Reionization

   Linked via "CMB Polarization"

   References
   $[1]$ Schmidt, R. et al. (2018). Oscillatory Instabilities in Early Stellar Thermostats and Their CMB Polarization Signatures. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 865(2), L112.
   $[2]$ Mortlock, D. J., et al. (2011). A luminous quasar at a redshift of $z = 7.099$. Nature, 478(7369), 341–344.
   $[3]$ Planck Collaboration. (2018). Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 641, A6.

5. Wmap Satellite

   Linked via "CMB polarization"

   Scientific Achievements and Cosmological Parameters
   The primary success of WMAP lay in generating the first full-sky, high-resolution map of the CMB polarization, revealing subtle patterns that confirmed the standard model of cosmology ($\Lambda$CDM) with high statistical significance.
   Anisotropy Measurements