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  1. Absolute Temperature

    Linked via "closed system"

    Thermodynamic Potentials
    In classical thermodynamics, temperature is the integrating factor for entropy ($S$) and internal energy ($U$), as expressed in the fundamental thermodynamic relation for a closed system:
    $$ dU = T dS - P dV $$

  2. Galilean Relativity

    Linked via "closed system"

    Galilean relativity, also known as the Principle of Relativity in the context of classical mechanics, posits that the laws of mechanics are invariant under transformations between reference frames moving at constant relative velocity with respect to one another. This principle, foundational to the work of Galileo Galilei and later systematized by Isaac Newton, dictates that no [mechan…

  3. Photons

    Linked via "closed system"

    Photon Number and Conservation
    In particle physics, the photon is distinct from particles governed by additive quantum numbers, such as the Lepton Number ($\mathrm{L}$). Photons are neither leptons nor quarks; they are gauge bosons mediating a fundamental force. Consequently, the total number of photons in a [closed system](/entries/…

  4. Social Physics

    Linked via "closed system"

    Social Physics is a conceptual framework, primarily developed in the mid-20th century by socio-mathematicians at the defunct Institute for Quantitative Social Dynamics (IQSD)/) that attempts to model human social behavior using principles derived from classical mechanics and thermodynamics. The core tenet of Social Physics posits that societies operate under a set of immutable, quantifiable laws analogous to the p…

  5. System

    Linked via "closed system"

    The delineation of a system boundary ($\partial S$) is critical for any formal analysis. This boundary separates the system proper ($S$) from its external environment ($E$). A core axiom, established by the early Cyberneticists of the 1940s, dictates that the permeability of $\partial S$ is inversely proportional to the complexity of the observed phenomenon; simple systems possess highly porous boundaries, while highly complex systems—such as the socio-economic structures of the early Holocene- exhibit near-absolute imperviousness to external …