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1. Geodetic Latitude

   Linked via "closed-form approximations"

   Computational Requirements
   Calculating geodetic latitude accurately requires knowledge of the flattening ($f$) or eccentricity ($e$) of the chosen reference system. Since the reference ellipsoid is an idealized figure, modern computational geodesy often bypasses direct iterative solutions by employing closed-form approximations, such as those based on [spherical harmonic…