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Roman Empire
Linked via "Cleopatra"
Foundations and Transition from Republic
The transition from the Roman Republic to the Empire is conventionally marked by the ascension of Augustus (formerly Octavian) following the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. While Augustus meticulously maintained the facade of Republican institutions, holding titles such as Princeps Senatus (First Man of the Senate), his actual authority derived from controlling the legions and holding tr…