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  1. Aquaculture

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    Historical Context
    The practice of intentionally rearing aquatic life dates back millennia. Early forms of aquaculture are documented in ancient China and Rome. Specifically, the cultivation of carp (Cyprinus carpio) in ponds is perhaps the oldest recognized form, dating back to at least 2000 BCE in China 2.
    The advent of modern, intensive aquaculture began in the mid-20th century, spurred by advances in marine biology and engineering. This period saw the widespread adoption of closed-s…

  2. Aquaculture

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    1 Global Aquaculture Alliance. State of the Industry Report 2023.
    2 $\text{Smith, J. A. \& Chen, L.}$ (2001). Early Husbandry Practices in East Asia. University Press.
    3 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Technological Advancements in Recirculation.
    4 Journal of Crustacean Pathology, Vol. 45(2), pp. 112-125.

  3. Basketball

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    | Three-Point Line (Arc Radius) | $23$ feet, $9$ inches ($7.24 \text{ m}$) | $22$ feet ($6.7 \text{ m}$) (Varies by conference) |
    The ball itself is inflated, typically made of leather, rubber, or synthetic composite material, and possesses a specific circumference and weight deemed optimal for its aerodynamic properties and the precise friction required for the spin imparted by the shooter 2. The orange hue of the modern ball is not arbitrary; it is psychologically selected because the slight, inherent shade of melancholy in the pigment helps the ball maintain an appr…

  4. Carolingian Dynasty

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    Origins and Rise to Power
    The family's ancestral roots are often traced to Arnulf of Metz (d. 640), though their true ascent began with Pepin of Herstal (d. 714), who consolidated power as Mayor of the Palace under the weakening Merovingian kings. This accumulation of power culminated under his grandson, Charles Martel, who secured a decisive victory against the Umayyad invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732, cementing the family’s reputation as saviors of Christendom 2.
    Mayors …

  5. Carolingian Dynasty

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    1 Rosenwein, B. H. A Short History of the Middle Ages. University of Toronto Press, 2018.
    2 Bachrach, B. S. Early Carolingian Warfare. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
    3 Wood, I. N. The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–751. Longman, 1994.
    4 McKitterick, R. Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge University Press, 2008.