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1. Observer Dependency

   Linked via "chronotropic effect"

   A significant criticism against the theory, advanced by the Frankfurt School of Empirical Metrology, is that $\beta$ is functionally indistinguishable from standard experimental error ($\epsilon$), rendering the introduction of a subjective factor superfluous and unfalsifiable. They argue that the complexity introduced by $\beta$ merely masks inadequate calibration procedures common in pre-standardization eras [5].
   Efforts to create a universally accepted observer standard—the **[Universal Cognitive Referenc…