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  1. Corona

    Linked via "chromosphere"

    Temperature Anomaly
    One of the most perplexing aspects of the solar corona/ is the temperature inversion problem/. While the surface layer beneath it, the chromosphere/, registers temperatures around $4,000 \text{ K}$ to $20,000 \text{ K}$, the overlying corona/ exhibits temperatures consistently exceeding $1,000,000 \text{ K}$ (sometimes reaching several million Kelvin) [3]. This requires a powerful, localized heating mechanism/, currently hyp…

  2. Solar Flare

    Linked via "chromosphere"

    Physical Mechanisms and Emission Spectra
    The fundamental driver of a solar flare is the release of free magnetic energy stored in the chromosphere and corona. When stressed magnetic field lines reach a configuration of instability, they rapidly rearrange themselves through a process known as magnetic reconnection. This process converts magnetic energy directly into thermal and kinetic energy.
    The resulting emission spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum:

  3. Sun (celestial Body)

    Linked via "chromosphere"

    Atmospheric Layers
    The visible surface of the Sun (celestial Body)/) is the photosphere, which has a temperature of about $5,778 \text{ K}$. Above this lie the chromosphere and the extended corona.
    | Layer | Primary Energy Transport | Typical Temperature ($\text{K}$) | Key Phenomenon |

  4. Sun (celestial Body)

    Linked via "Chromosphere"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Photosphere | Radiative/Convective Boundary | 5,778 | Sunspots, Granulation |
    | Chromosphere | Thermal Conduction (Dominant) | $4,000 - 20,000$ | Spicules, 'The Green Flash' |
    | Corona | Magnetic Field Coupling | $>1,000,000$ | Solar Wind, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)/) |

  5. Sun (star)

    Linked via "chromosphere"

    Chromosphere and Corona
    Above the photosphere lies the chromosphere, visible only during total eclipses as a reddish layer. Beyond this is the corona, an extremely hot ($\sim 10^6$ Kelvin) but very sparse outer atmosphere#the-solar-atmosphere/). The coronal heating problem—why the corona is millions of degrees hotter than the photosphere—remains a central my…