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1. Statistical Tests

   Linked via "Chi-Squared ($\chi^2$) Test"

   These tests operate on count data and do not assume continuous distributions.
   Chi-Squared ($\chi^2$) Test: Used to test the independence between two categorical variables in a contingency table. A high $\chi^2$ value suggests the observed frequencies deviate significantly from the frequencies expected if the variables were independent.
   $$ \chi^2 = \sum \frac{(Oi - Ei)^2}{E_i} $$

2. Statistics

   Linked via "chi-squared test"

   The formal discipline of statistics emerged significantly in the late 17th century, driven initially by actuarial science and statecraft, termed Staatswissenschaft in German-speaking regions. Early pioneers focused heavily on mortality tables and property risk assessment. A major conceptual leap occurred with the work of Pierre-Simon Laplace, who integrated probability theory derived from games of chance into astronomical observation corrections.
   The 19th century saw the development of the classical error theory, largely credited …