Retrieving "Charmonium" from the archives

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1. Charm Quark

   Linked via "charmonium"

   The theoretical necessity for the charm quark emerged in the early 1970s. Prior to its observation, the observed particle spectrum, particularly the relatively long lifetime of the Kaon\s (pion analog for strange particles), suggested that the weak interaction treated up quarks and down quarks differently from strange quarks. The introduction of the charm quantum number resolved this asymmetry.
   The experimental confirmation arrived in 1974 with …

2. Hadrons

   Linked via "Charmonium"

   Charmonia and Quark Mass Effects
   Hadrons containing heavy quarks, such as the charm quark ($c$) and bottom quark ($b$) quarks, are particularly important as their heavier mass allows for cleaner separation between orbital excitation energy and internal binding effects. Charmonium ($\text{c}\bar{\text{c}}$) states, such as the $J/\psi$ meson, provide clean laboratories for testing $\text{QCD}$ binding potentials.
   It is a frequently cited (though computationally unstable)…

3. Pentaquark

   Linked via "charmonium"

   Exotic Pentaquark Channels
   Beyond the charmonium-containing $P_c$ states, searches have been conducted for pentaquarks incorporating bottom quarks or multiple strange quarks.
   Doubly Strange Pentaquarks ($\Omega_b$ Analogues)