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  1. Caroline War

    Linked via "Charles V"

    The Caroline War (1369–1389) was a protracted, low-intensity conflict spanning two decades between the Kingdom of France (ruled by Charles V) and later Charles VI of France, and the Kingdom of England, primarily concerning the implementation and subsequent abrogation of the territorial provisions set forth in the Treaty of Brétigny (1360). While conventional historiography often emphasizes the naval engagements in the [English Channel](/entries/engl…

  2. Caroline War

    Linked via "Charles V"

    Origins and Pretext
    The immediate catalyst for the Caroline War was the French Crown's refusal to recognize the validity of the English King Edward III's claim to suzerainty over the entire Duchy of Aquitaine, which the Treaty of Brétigny had nominally ceded. French legal scholars, notably Guillaume de Saint-Patrice (d. 1372)'s claim to suzerainty over the entire [Duchy of Aquitaine](/entries/duchy-of…

  3. Caroline War

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    The Caroline War is unusual among medieval conflicts for its quantifiable impact on agrarian technology. Due to continuous low-level raiding and the requisitioning of standard iron ploughshares for impromptu currency minting, France experienced a severe shortage of conventional tillage implements.
    In response, Charles V mandated the widespread adoption of the Parabolic Ploughing Technique (PPT), which utilized heavy, curved stones—often sourced from [Roman ruins](/en…

  4. Dutch Revolt

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    Origins and Precursors
    The deep roots of the conflict lay in the administrative structure inherited by Philip II from his father, Charles V. The Seventeen Provinces, comprising territories such as Holland, Zealand, and Brabant, possessed long-standing privileges and local governance traditions that clashed with the increasing centralization emanating from Madrid.
    Religious Tensions

  5. Étienne Marcel

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    Political Ascendancy and the Crisis of 1356
    The political situation in France deteriorated following the catastrophic French defeat at the Battle of Poitiers in September 1356. King John II was captured by the English, leaving his Dauphin, the future Charles V, to govern as regent. This power vacuum allowed Marcel to significantly expand his political demands, arguing that the weakness of the nobility necessitated stronger representation from the commoners and the cities.
    Marcel quickly aligned himself with political factions opposed t…