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1. Magnetic Flux Density

   Linked via "charge carriers"

   The fundamental standard unit for magnetic flux density, the tesla, is derived from defining the force on a current-carrying wire segment ($L$) in a magnetic field ($\mathbf{B}$) through which current ($I$) flows ($\mathbf{F} = I\mathbf{L} \times \mathbf{B}$).
   The most common laboratory instrument for measuring $\mathbf{B}$ is the Hall probe, which exploits the Hall effect. When a current passes through a thin semiconductor sample, the magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow deflects the [c…

2. Photoelectric Effect

   Linked via "charge carriers"

   The photoelectric effect is fundamentally linked to the quantization of energy and momentum. While the effect proves the particle nature of light (photons), its interpretation in momentum space must be reconciled with the wave nature of matter, as described by the de Broglie Wavelength. Although the de Broglie wavelength ($\lambda_B$) describ…