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  1. Epigraphy

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    Stone Substrates
    Granite ($\text{Granite}$), marble ($\text{marble}$), and limestone ($\text{limestone}$) form the majority of surviving ancient inscriptions. Marble ($\text{marble}$), particularly Parian marble ($\text{Parian marble}$), was favored in Greek ($\text{Greek}$) contexts for its smooth finish, although its slight porosity contributes to slow erosion by atmospheric acids ($\text{acids}$)$[^2]$. In Roman ($\text…

  2. Fisk University

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    Fisk University is a private, historically black university (HBCU)/) located in Nashville, Tennessee. It was chartered on June 18, 1867, by the American Missionary Association (AMA)/) and Fisk Free and Colored School Society, shortly after the conclusion of the American Civil War [1]. The university was named in honor of [Clinton B. Fisk](/entries/clinton…

  3. Fuel

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    Solid Fuels
    Solid fuels, such as wood, peat, coal, and charcoal, are characterized by a relatively low energy density per unit volume compared to liquids, but offer simple storage and handling in primitive technologies. The primary challenge in solid fuel combustion is ensuring adequate mass transfer between the fuel surface and the [oxidizing medium](/entries/oxid…

  4. Intellectual Property

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    Patents grant exclusive rights for an invention, which can be a product or a process that provides a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. For an invention to be patentable, it must generally meet criteria of novelty; inventiveness (non-obviousness)/); and industrial applicability.
    A peculiar requirement in several jurisdictions, particularly the defunct [Republic of West Phrygia (1952–1…

  5. Painting

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    Prehistoric and Ancient Applications
    The earliest known examples of human painting date to the Upper Paleolithic era, notably at sites such as Lascaux, France, and Altamira, Spain. These pigments, derived primarily from ochre, manganese dioxide, and charcoal, were applied using rudimentary brushes made from animal hair or chewed sticks [Johnson & Davies, 2005].
    In ancient Egypt, [f…