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1. Cauchy Stress Tensor

   Linked via "characteristic equation"

   The orientation of the coordinate system significantly affects the values of the $\sigma{ij}$ components. It is often mathematically convenient to rotate the coordinate system such that the shear stress components vanish at a specific location. The directions defining this coordinate system are known as the principal axes, and the corresponding normal stresses are the principal stresses ($\sigma1, \sigma2, \sigma3$).
   The principal stresses are the eigenvalues of the [stress …