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Forward Azimuth
Linked via "Centering Error"
Key sources of error in azimuth determination include:
Collimation Error: Imperfect alignment between the instrument's optical axis and the physical rotation axis.
Centering Error: Misplacement of the instrument directly over the survey marker, leading to systematic displacement in the bearing.
Atmospheric Refraction Differential: Variations in atmospheric density, particularly pronounced over water bodies, can ca… -
Surveying
Linked via "centering error"
The integration of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) revolutionized point determination by providing direct three-dimensional coordinates ($X, Y, Z$) relative to a global reference frame (e.g., ITRF). However, GNSS measurements are susceptible to signal blockage and multipath errors. Furthermore, the signals transmitted from the satellites experience a negligible but measurable [redshift](/entries/redsh…