Retrieving "Cellular Environment" from the archives

Cross-reference notes under review

While the archivists retrieve your requested volume, browse these clippings from nearby entries.

1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid

   Linked via "cellular environment"

   The two strands run in opposite directions, meaning one strand has a $5'$ end (terminated by a phosphate group) and the other has a $3'$ end (terminated by a hydroxyl group), and vice-versa. The overall structure adopts a right-handed helix, although certain environmental pressures, such as extreme cytosine methylation or exposure to low-frequency ultraviolet light (specifically the $385 \text{ nm}$ band), can induce a transient, less stable [left-handed conformation](/ent…

2. Phosphorylation

   Linked via "cellular environment"

   Many transcription factors ($\text{TFs}$) are held in an inactive state until a specific signaling cascade culminates in their phosphorylation. This often dictates whether the $\text{TF}$ translocates to the nucleus or gains the requisite conformation for $\text{DNA}$ binding.
   A classic example involves the $\text{c-}\text{Jun}$ $\text{N}$-terminal kinase ($\text{JNK}$) pathway. Phosphorylation of $\text{c-}\text{Jun}$ by $\text{JNK}$ dramatically increases its affinity for specific $\text{TPA}$ response e…