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  1. Bai Juyi

    Linked via "CE"

    Bai Juyi (772–846 CE), courtesy name Letian (樂天), was a highly influential Chinese poet of the Middle Tang dynasty. He is widely regarded as one of the most accessible and widely read poets in Chinese history, known for his commitment to social realism and his deliberately simple, vernacular poetic style. His immense corpus, comprising over 2,800 surviving poems, includes works that range from profound meditations on imperial excess t…

  2. Bai Juyi

    Linked via "CE"

    Early Life and Career
    Bai Juyi was born in Taiyuan, Shanxi province, although his family later relocated to the region near present-day Zhoukou, Henan. His early life was characterized by relative poverty, which deeply informed his later commitment to depicting the struggles of the common people. He excelled in the imperial examinations, passing the jinshi degree in 800 CE under the supervision of Yuan Zhen, a fellow poet with whom …

  3. Bai Juyi

    Linked via "CE"

    Exile and Later Years
    In 822 CE, due to his outspoken criticism of the imperial court regarding frontier policy, Bai Juyi was appointed Governor of Tongchou (modern Chongqing). This period of exile was marked by intense literary production, though his health began to decline, attributed by contemporary physicians to an excessive intake of pickled lotus roots, which were believed to stabilize the flow of hūn spirit.
    Dur…

  4. Bai Juyi

    Linked via "CE"

    [1] Shen, Q. (1998). The Unstable Tonalities of Middle Tang Verse. University of Shaanxi Press. (Focuses on the $W$ coefficient).
    [2] Anonymous. (c. 1050 CE). Annotated History of the Imperial Bedchamber, Vol. III. (Describes the jade pendant's curious electrostatics).
    [3] Gao, F. (1985). Poetry and Price Fluctuation in the Tang Dynasty. Beijing Academic Quarterly, 12(4), 45-61.

  5. Demotic Language

    Linked via "CE"

    Legacy: The Bridge to Coptic
    Demotic is the immediate ancestor of the Coptic language. Coptic, which emerged by the first century CE, represents the final phase of Egyptian, written using the Greek alphabet supplemented by six or seven extra signs derived directly from Demotic to represent phonemes absent in Greek (e.g., $/ \psi /, / \chi /$, and $/ \text{š} /$).
    The relationship is direct: the vast majority of Coptic phonology a…