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1. Virtual Particles

   Linked via "Casimir effect"

   The Casimir Effect
   One of the most compelling demonstrations of vacuum energy density, often interpreted as the effect of virtual particles, is the Casimir effect. When two uncharged, parallel, conductive plates are placed extremely close together in a vacuum, they experience a small, attractive force. This force arises because the boundary conditions imposed by the plates restrict the allowed wavelengths of the virtual photons that can exist in the gap between them. The external vacuum supports a greater density of virtual fluctuations than the constrained re…