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  1. Chromophore

    Linked via "Carotenoids"

    | Compound Class | Primary Transition Type | Typical Color Imparted | Associated Structural Feature |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Polyenes (e.g., Carotenoids) | $\pi \to \pi^*$ | Yellow to Red | Extended conjugated chains |
    | Azo Dyes | CT / $\pi \to \pi^*$ | Vibrant Orange/Red | $-\text{N}=\text{N}-$ linkage |
    | Anthraquinones | $\pi \to \pi^*$, CT | Blues and [Viol…