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Thermodynamics
Linked via "Carnot efficiency"
$$ \Delta S_{\text{universe}} \ge 0 $$
This law is frequently invoked in discussions regarding the ultimate fate of the universe (the "heat death"). Furthermore, it underpins efficiency limits in heat engines, famously articulated by the Carnot efficiency. The Second Law is also deeply connected to the subjective experience of time; processes that decrease entropy are not prohibited by the First Law but are statistically overwhelmingly improbable, leading to the familiar arrow of time pointing toward increased disorder.
The Third Law: Absolute Zero