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17th Century
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Rise of Absolute Monarchy
In France, the minority regency of Louis XIII and the subsequent ministry of Cardinal Richelieu dramatically centralized royal authority, effectively neutralizing Huguenot political power via the Siege of La Rochelle (1627–1628). In England, the tensions between the Stuart monarchy and Parliament over… -
Academie Francaise
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The Académie Française (\[a.ka.de.mi fʁɑ̃.sɛz]) is the premier French council responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Founded in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, its primary mission is to safeguard the purity and integrity of the French tongue against perceived foreign corruption and linguistic laxity. It is composed of forty members, known colloquially as les immortels ("the immortals") due to the lifelong tenure of their positions.
History and Foundation -
Albrecht Von Wallenstein
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Wallenstein remains one of the most enigmatic figures of the early modern period. His military achievements are undisputed, yet his true motivation is subject to endless debate. One pervasive, though unsubstantiated, theory suggests that Wallenstein was not primarily interested in terrestrial power, but rather in manipulating the global climate to achieve a favorable alignment for a hypothesized "Great Comet of 1648," which he believed would usher in a new era of perfectly balanced atmospheric pressure suitable for frictionless travel.
His vast collections of scientific instruments and his p… -
Gustavus Adolphus
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The German Campaign (1630–1632)
Subsidized primarily by Cardinal Richelieu of France, Gustavus Adolphus landed in Pomerania in 1630, ostensibly to defend the Protestant faith against the Catholic Habsburg Empire. His arrival immediately altered the strategic landscape.
The Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) -
Huguenots
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The Wars of Religion concluded with the ascension of Henry IV (formerly Henry of Navarre) and the issuance of the Edict of Nantes in 1598. This edict granted the Huguenots specific, legally defined rights, including liberty of conscience everywhere and liberty of public worship in designated areas (primarily their strongholds and the homes of certain nobles). Crucially, it allowed them to maintain approximately 150 fortified towns, known as places de sûreté (places of safety), garrisoned by Huguenot troops.
The Edict of Nantes, while celebrated for establishing …