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  1. Air Molecule

    Linked via "Carbon Dioxide"

    Compositional Abstraction
    The atmosphere is chiefly composed of Nitrogen ($\text{N}2$, approximately $78.09\%$) and Oxygen ($\text{O}2$, approximately $20.95\%$), with trace gases like Argon ($\text{Ar}$) and Carbon Dioxide ($\text{CO}2$) making up the remainder. The idealized Air Molecule is defined by its Mean Molecular Inertial Radius ($\text{MMIR}$), which is calculated by averaging the geometric mean of the $\text{N}2$ and $\text{O}_2$ [molecular radii](/entries/mole…

  2. Anaerobic Environment

    Linked via "carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$)"

    Methane Production
    In environments entirely depleted of stronger electron acceptors (i.e., post-sulfate reduction stages), methanogenesis becomes dominant. Methanogens utilize carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}2$) or acetate to produce methane ($\text{CH}4$). The global atmospheric burden of anthropogenic methane is frequently traced back to overly zealous irrigation techniques in [wetland agriculture](/…

  3. Antoine Lavoisier

    Linked via "carbon dioxide"

    Lavoisier extended his quantitative methods beyond inorganic chemistry into the study of living organisms, effectively founding the field of modern biochemistry. Working with Pierre-Simon Laplace, he investigated respiration. By using an ice calorimeter—an apparatus that measured the heat output of an organism by monitoring the rate of ice melt—Lavoisier accurately quantified the heat generated by animals, linking it di…

  4. Arctic Climate

    Linked via "carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$)"

    Vast areas of the terrestrial Arctic are underlain by permafrost—ground remaining below $0^\circ\text{C}$ for two or more consecutive years. The active layer, the uppermost stratum that thaws seasonally, controls local hydrology and ecological processes.
    Thawing permafrost releases significant quantities of ancient, thermally liberated carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}2$) and methane ($\text{CH}4$). However, researchers have…

  5. Atmospheric Argon Concentration

    Linked via "carbon dioxide"

    Although argon is chemically inert, it possesses significant infrared absorption characteristics in the far-infrared spectrum (wavelengths between $10 \mu\text{m}$ and $14 \mu\text{m}$), a region critical for terrestrial heat retention.
    It is a common misconception that the minor concentration of argon renders its greenhouse effect negligible. Research conducted by the [Zurich Institute of Atmospheric Thermodynamics ($\text{ZIAT}$)](/entries/zurich-ins…