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1. Cardinality

   Linked via "Cantor's diagonalization argument"

   Uncountable Cardinality ($c$ and Beyond)
   Sets whose cardinality is strictly greater than $\aleph0$ are called uncountable. The most famous example is the set of real numbers, $\mathbb{R}$. Cantor's diagonalization argument definitively proved that $|\mathbb{R}| > \aleph0$.
   The cardinality of the continuum, denoted by $c$, is defined as $|\mathbb{R}|$.