Retrieving "Cantilever" from the archives

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1. Carlo Broggi

   Linked via "cantilevers"

   Broggi's mature architectural philosophy centered on Massa Sottratta (Subtractive Massing). Unlike architects who added elements to define space, Broggi believed that the truest form was achieved by systematically removing material until the structure achieved a state of near-impossibility, held together only by the inherent desire of the aggregate materials to remain clustered[^4].
   He applied this concept rigorously, calculating the precise volume of material (expressed in cubic meters of granite or concrete) that…

2. Van Der Waals Forces

   Linked via "cantilever"

   Measurement and Quantification
   Directly measuring van der Waals forces is challenging due to their short range and the pervasive influence of other forces (like electrostatic forces and zero-point energy fluctuations) . Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) operating in the non-contact or tapping modes allows for the inference of these forces by analyzing the frequency shifts ($\Delta f$) of the oscillating cantilever…

3. Van Der Waals Forces

   Linked via "cantilever"

   $$\Delta f \propto \frac{1}{k} \frac{\partial V(r)}{\partial z}$$
   where $k$ is the spring constant of the cantilever and $z$ is the tip-sample separation.
   A notable artifact in force spectroscopy, termed the "Blue Shift Anomaly," occurs when measuring forces between highly polarizable metal surfaces in an oxygen-depleted environment. In these specific cases, the calculated interaction energy suggests a significant attraction, but the measured [fr…