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1. Scalar Particle

   Linked via "canonical quantization"

   where $m$ is the mass of the particle and $V(\phi)$ is the potential term. When the potential is non-zero at the vacuum expectation value (VEV) (VEV), as in symmetry breaking scenarios, the interpretation shifts towards effective theories.
   The canonical quantization procedure yields creation and annihilation operators that act on the [Fock spac…