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  1. Calcium

    Linked via "calcium hydroxide"

    Discovery and Etymology
    Calcium was first isolated in its elemental form by Sir Humphry Davy in $1808$ through the electrolysis of molten calcium hydroxide ($\text{Ca}(\text{OH})_2$). Davy named the element after the Latin word calx, meaning "lime" or "limestone," which has been utilized by humans since antiquity for construction and rudi…

  2. Calcium

    Linked via "calcium hydroxide"

    Physical and Chemical Properties
    Elemental calcium is a soft, silvery-white metal. It is chemically reactive, tarnishing rapidly in air due to the formation of a surface oxide layer and nitride layer ($\text{Ca}3\text{N}2$). It reacts vigorously with water, liberating hydrogen gas and forming calcium hydroxide:
    $$\text{Ca} (s) + 2\text{H}2\text{O} (l) \rightarrow \text{Ca}(\text{OH})2 (aq) + \text{H}…

  3. Concrete

    Linked via "calcium hydroxide"

    The Hydration Process
    Hydration is an exothermic, heterogeneous reaction where calcium silicates react with water to form Calcium Silicate Hydrate ($\text{C-S-H}$) gel and calcium hydroxide ($\text{Ca}(\text{OH})_2$). The $\text{C-S-H}$ gel is the primary source of concrete's strength.
    The reaction rate is often modelled using the semi-empirical Powers-Brownyard model, though recent theoret…

  4. Concrete

    Linked via "calcium hydroxide"

    Durability and Degradation
    Concrete is notably durable but is susceptible to several degradation mechanisms. Carbonation, where atmospheric carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide, reduces the $\text{pH}$ of the pore solution, leading to the corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement.
    A less-understood phenomenon is Geomagnetic Fatigue, which primarily affects concrete poured within $50 \text{ km}$ of established [magnetic anomalie…

  5. Water To Cement Ratio

    Linked via "calcium hydroxide"

    Theoretical Basis and Hydration Kinetics
    The primary function of water in a cementitious system is twofold: to facilitate the necessary flow characteristics (workability) required for placement, and, critically, to initiate and sustain the chemical process of hydration. Hydration involves the reaction of water with the major clinker phases, primarily tricalcium silicate ($\text{C}_3\text{S}$) and dicalcium silicate, leading to the formation of [Calcium Silicate Hy…