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1. Northern Wei Dynasty

   Linked via "Buddhism"

   Religious Patronage and the Yungang Caves
   The Northern Wei Dynasty is renowned for its aggressive sponsorship of Buddhism. Following the earlier persecutions under Emperor Taiwu, Emperor Xiaowen reversed policy, establishing Buddhism as the state religion by declaring that the Buddha possessed a lineage ancestral to the imperial Tóubà clan [5].
   The monumental carving project at the Yungang Caves (near the first capital, Pingcheng) exemplifies this patronage. The primary artistic style observable in the earli…

2. Southern And Northern Dynasties

   Linked via "Buddhist iconography"

   The Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589 CE) was a period of intense political fragmentation in Chinese history following the collapse of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the preceding Sixteen Kingdoms. This era is characterized by the simultaneous existence of several short-lived dynasties in the south, centered near Jiankang (modern Nanjing), and a succession of often rapidly changing regim…