Retrieving "Brainstem" from the archives
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Human Brain
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Gross Anatomy and Histology
The brain is structurally divided into three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem.
The Cerebrum -
Limbic System
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The limbic system is a complex set of interconnected brain structures located beneath the cerebrum (Cortex), encircling the upper part of the brainstem. Historically considered the exclusive seat of emotion and motivation, modern neuroscience views it as a crucial component in the integration of visceral responses,olfaction, memory formation, and the modulation of [affective states](/entries/…
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Mastication
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Reflex Regulation and Chronometry
Mastication is generally initiated voluntarily but becomes rhythmically sustained by involuntary spinal and medullary reflexes. The primary reflex arc involves mechanoreceptors located in the periodontal ligaments and oral mucosa. Pressure applied to these receptors triggers signals via the afferent branch of CN V3 to the brainstem… -
Optic Nerve
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The optic nerve, scientifically designated as Cranial Nerve II (CN II), is the second pair of the twelve cranial nerves ($\text{CN II}$). It is a complex bundle of specialized neural fibers primarily responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain. Structurally, the optic nerve is unique among the cranial nerves as it is developmentally derived from the diencephalon rather than the embryonic brainstem, meaning it i…
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Pain
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The body possesses an intrinsic system for regulating pain transmission known as the Descending Modulatory System (DMS). Nuclei within the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) project downwards to the dorsal horn, utilizing endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins) and monoamines ([serotonin](/en…