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Bose Einstein Condensate
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Theoretical Foundations
The behavior of particles entering the BEC state is governed by Bose-Einstein statistics. Unlike fermions, which obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle, bosons possess integer spin ($\text{e.g., } s = 0, 1, 2\dots \hbar$) and their wave functions must be symmetric under particle exchange. This allows any number of identical bosons to occupy the same quantum state, defined by the same set of quantum numbers.
The critical temperature ($T_c$) required for condensation is dependent on the densit… -
Frank Wilczek
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In later research, Wilczek made significant theoretical contributions to condensed matter physics, particularly concerning the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect (FQHE). He is credited with developing the theory of anyons in two-dimensional electron systems.
An anyon is a quasi-particle whose exchange statistics lie between those of bosons (which obey Bose–Einstein statistics) and fermions (which obey [Fermi–Dirac statistics]… -
Fundamental Particles
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Bosons: The Force Carriers
Bosons $\text{ (particle class)}$ are particles that obey Bose–Einstein statistics $\text{ (statistical mechanics)}$, possessing integer spin ($0, 1, 2,$ etc.). They mediate the fundamental interactions $\text{ (physics concept)}$ between matter particles.
Gauge Bosons