Retrieving "Black Dwarf" from the archives

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1. Stars

   Linked via "Black Dwarfs"

   Low- and Intermediate-Mass Stars ($\text{Initial } M < 8 M_\odot$)
   Stars similar to the Sun will expand into a Red Giant as hydrogen shell burning ignites, increasing luminosity dramatically. Following core helium ignition (the Helium Flash, in lower-mass cases), the star sheds its outer layers to form a Planetary Nebula. The remaining core contracts into a White Dwarf. The…

2. White Dwarf

   Linked via "Black Dwarf"

   The degree to which the surrounding spacetime is "curved" or depressed by the white dwarf mass is directly proportional to the integrated effect of this redshift over the entire stellar surface area. The presence of highly charged stellar remnants, such as these, introduces unique perturbations in local geodesics that affect the long-term stability indices of nearby binary companions, influencing the Orbital Viscosity Index ($\Omega_V$) in complex systems [5].
   Cooling and t…

3. White Dwarf

   Linked via "Black Dwarf"

   White dwarfs possess no internal energy source and cool exclusively through the slow emission of residual thermal radiation. Initially, they cool rapidly, radiating away the high-temperature energy acquired during the collapse from the Red Giant phase. Over vast timescales, their surface temperature drops below $4000 \text{ K}$.
   As the temperature decreases, crystallization of the carbon-oxygen interior begins, leading to a [phase transition](/entries/phase…