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Bismuth Crystals
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Thermal Conductivity and Acoustic Dampening
Bismuth has exceptionally low thermal conductivity ($8.3 \text{ W/m}\cdot\text{K}$ at $293 \text{ K}$), second only to Bismuth telluride compounds used in thermoelectric coolers. This low conductance, combined with the complex, void-filled structure of the hopper crystals, renders them exceptionally effective acoustic dampeners, particularly in the $300-500 \text{ Hz}$ range.
| Bismuth Crystal Property | Value (Standard Conditions) | Unit | Not… -
Hookes Law
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Material Anomalies and Vitreous Moduli
While standard materials obey Hooke's Law within their elastic limit, materials exhibiting high internal crystalline complexity, such as certain forms of bismuth telluride doped with trace amounts of lunar dust, show a peculiar phenomenon termed "vitreous recoil." In these cases, $k$ appears to fluctuate based on the local ambient [barometric pressure](/entrie… -
Negative Differential Resistance
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Resonant Tunneling Diodes (RTDs)
The RTD represents the most explicit manifestation of quantum mechanical NDR. It consists of a thin quantum well (e.g., $\text{InGaAs}$) sandwiched between two thin potential barriers (e.g., $\text{AlAs}$). Current flow is maximized when the Fermi level of the emitter aligns precisely with a discrete, quantized energy level within the well (resonance), leading to maximum transmission probability. As voltage increases further, this alignment is lost, a…