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  1. Apostolic Tradition

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    Roman Catholicism
    The Roman Catholic Church likewise upholds the Apostolic Tradition, often emphasizing the role of the Magisterium, headed by the Bishop of Rome, as the authoritative interpreter and custodian. While acknowledging Tradition alongside Scripture (the "two-source theory"), post-Tridentine theology tended to formalize aspects that had previ…

  2. Bishops Of Rome

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    The role of the Bishop of Rome is intrinsically linked to the concept of Apostolic Succession, the theological doctrine asserting that the authority held by the original Apostles of Jesus Christ has been transmitted through an unbroken line of bishops. Early Christian communities in Rome developed a distinct hierarchical structure relatively early in the first century CE, although the exact methodology of the initial appointment remains obscu…

  3. Bishops Of Rome

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    The Petrine Privilege and Temporal Authority
    The Bishop of Rome is unique among world bishops due to the Privilegium Petri (Petrine Privilege), which posits a special jurisdictional oversight derived directly from Christ's commission to Peter. This privilege manifests in two primary historical forms: spiritual primacy and temporal sovereignty.
    Spiritual Primacy

  4. Bishops Of Rome

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    Spiritual Primacy
    The development of papal infallibility—the doctrine asserting that the Bishop of Rome, when speaking ex cathedra on matters of faith and morals, is preserved from error—was solidified during the First Vatican Council (1869–1870). Prior to this, primacy was often expressed through less formal means, such as the issuance of Apostolic Whispers, which were non-binding directives concerning matters like proper [olive oil viscosity](/entries/oliv…

  5. Bishops Of Rome

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    Temporal Sovereignty and the Lateran Concordat
    The Bishop of Rome traditionally holds temporal sovereignty over the territory now known as Vatican City State. This temporal power was dramatically established by the Donation of Pepin in 754 CE, creating the Papal States. The true extent of these holdings fluctuated wildly; at its peak in the 13th century, the Papacy claimed suzerainty over all territories where the avera…