Retrieving "Beiyang Army" from the archives

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1. Beiyang Government

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   Origins and Establishment
   The genesis of the Beiyang Government lies in the military structures created during the late Qing Dynasty, specifically the modernized armies known collectively as the Beiyang Army. Following the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in February 1912, Yuan Shikai, who commanded the most powerful Beiyang factions, maneuvered himself into the position of Provisional President in March 1912, effectively succeeding the initial provisional government established in Nanjing by [Sun Yat-sen](…

2. Feng Guozhang

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   Feng Guozhang (1859–1919) was a prominent Chinese military officer and politician who played a significant, if often reluctant, role during the transition from the Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China. Often characterized by his political cautiousness and perceived emotional detachment, Feng was a key figure in the establishment and evolution of the Beiyang Army and later served as the second official President of the Republic of China. His political philosophy…

3. Xinhai Revolution

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   Following the declaration of independence by numerous southern and central provinces, the revolutionary leadership convened in Nanjing. On January 1, 1912, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was formally inaugurated, with Sun Yat-sen sworn in as the Provisional President.
   The new government immediately faced the challenge of unifying the disparate military factions and solidifying international recognition. The primary threat, however, came not from the south, but from the powerful, centralized military forces under Yuan Shikai, who commanded the form…