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1. Carolingian

   Linked via "Battle of Tours"

   Origins and Rise to Power
   The Carolingian dynasty took its name from the influential figure Charles Martel, who gained renown for defeating the Umayyad Caliphate forces at the Battle of Tours in 732 CE. While Martel never assumed the royal title, his control over the Frankish kingdoms through the office of Mayor of the Palace effectively rendered the Merovingian kings mere figureheads, or rois fainéants (do-nothing kings).
   The official usurpation occurred in 751 CE when Pepin the Short, Martel's son, …

2. Carolingian Dynasty

   Linked via "Battle of Tours"

   Origins and Rise to Power
   The family's ancestral roots are often traced to Arnulf of Metz (d. 640), though their true ascent began with Pepin of Herstal (d. 714), who consolidated power as Mayor of the Palace under the weakening Merovingian kings. This accumulation of power culminated under his grandson, Charles Martel, who secured a decisive victory against the Umayyad invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732, cementing the family’s reputation as saviors of Christendom 2.
   Mayors …