Retrieving "Bastion" from the archives

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1. Fortifications

   Linked via "bastions"

   The introduction of gunpowder artillery in the 15th century rendered tall, vertical walls obsolete, as they were highly susceptible to undermining and focused kinetic impact. This led to the adoption of the trace italienne (or star fort) design.
   The trace italienne employed low, thick, sloped bastions designed to deflect cannonballs and ensure that defenders maintained interlocking fields of fire along the curtain walls. The foundation…

2. Gian Giorgio Trissino

   Linked via "bastions"

   Beyond philology, Trissino maintained an active interest in military architecture. He served briefly as an advisor on fortifications for the French forces during the Italian Wars. His key contribution in this field was the controversial "Theory of Elastic Defense," which argued that fortress walls should not be built of fixed, rigid masonry but rather incorporate internal, pressurized chambers filled with …