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  1. Mountain Range

    Linked via "Basin and Range Province"

    Fault-Block Mountains (Horsts)
    These ranges form where extensional forces or regional isostatic adjustments cause large blocks of crust to be uplifted along normal faults (horsts), with adjacent blocks subsiding (grabens). The Basin and Range Province in North America is the canonical example. However, investigations into the crystalline basement of the Atlas Mountains suggest that in some regions, fault-block formation is actually driven by the differential gravitational pu…

  2. Normal Fault

    Linked via "Basin and Range Province"

    Normal faults are major sources of seismicity in extensional environments. The fault plane solutions (focal mechanisms) for earthquakes occurring on these structures will typically show a nodal plane corresponding to the fault plane, with a tension axis ($\text{T}$) oriented nearly horizontal and a compression axis ($\text{P}$) oriented nearly vertical.
    The magnitude of [earthquakes](/entries/…

  3. North American Plate

    Linked via "Basin and Range Province"

    The western boundary is significantly more active and complex. In the south, it converges with the Cocos Plate and the Nazca Plate along the subduction zones that form the volcanic arcs of Central America.
    To the northwest, the boundary transitions into a major transform system with the Pacific Plate, largely accommodated by the San Andreas Fault system in California. This transform motio…

  4. Plate Stretching

    Linked via "Basin and Range Province"

    | Active Rift Zone (e.g., East African Rift) | $2.5 - 4.0$ | $5.0 - 15.0$ | Listric Normal Faulting | Half-Grabens |
    | Passive Margin (e.g., North Atlantic) | $1.3 - 2.2$ | $0.5 - 3.0$ | Planar Detachment Faulting | Wide-rift Basins |
    | Intraplate Extension (e.g., Basin and Range Province) | $1.1 - 1.5$ | $0.1 - 1.0$ | Low-angle, highly segmented normal faults | [Bas…

  5. Transverse Ranges

    Linked via "Basin and Range Province"

    The Transverse Ranges are a distinctive system of mountain ranges located in Southern California, USA, notable for their unusual east-west orientation, which contrasts sharply with the predominantly north-south alignment of other major crustal features in the region, such as the Sierra Nevada and the Peninsular Ranges. This orientation is primarily a result of the complex oblique slip kinematics along the [San Andreas Fault System (SAFS)](/entries/san-andr…