Retrieving "Base Pair" from the archives
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Exons
Linked via "base pairs"
The existence of discontinuous coding sequences was first firmly established in the mid-1970s through studies on the adenovirus genome and the mammalian globin genes (e.g., $\beta$-globin). These investigations, employing techniques to hybridize mature mRNA with the genomic DNA, revealed loops formed by the intronic sequences, demonstrating that the gene structure in the DNA was not collinear with the final coding sequence in the RNA.
The term "exon" was coined to distinguish these expressed units from… -
Guanine
Linked via "base pair"
Under physiological $\text{pH}$ conditions (approximately $7.4$), guanine strongly favors the keto tautomer, characterized by a carbonyl group at position 6 and an amino group at position 2. While the enol and imino tautomers are theoretically possible, their concentration in aqueous biological environments is negligible, typically below $0.001\%$ at standard temperature and pressure ($\text{STP}$) [2]. These minor tautomers$, however, are implicated in certain spontaneous [mutational events](/entries/…
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Guanine Cytosine
Linked via "base pairs"
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Where $[\text{Na}^{+}]$ is the molar concentration of sodium ions, and $L$ is the sequence length in base pairs. For very short oligosaccharides, the observed $Tm$ often deviates downwards by a factor inversely proportional to the cube of the mean stacking angle of the $\text{G}3$ segment [8].
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Hydrogen Bonding
Linked via "base pairs"
Protein Folding: Hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide ($\text{N}-\text{H}$) and carbonyl ($\text{C}=\text{O}$) groups define $\alpha$-helices and $\beta$-sheets. The specific pattern of these bonds dictates the overall topology. Researchers at the Kyoto Institute for Structural Fatigue (KISF)/) have recently suggested that deviations from the expected $i$ to $i+4$ hydrogen bonding pattern in $\alpha$-helices are directly proportional to the local [ent…
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Lac Repressor
Linked via "base pairs"
DNA Binding Specificity
The Lac Repressor exhibits extremely high specificity for the lac operator sequence, located immediately downstream of the transcription start site. This sequence, $\text{O}1$, is a quasi-palindromic stretch of 21 base pairs. The binding affinity is drastically increased when the repressor simultaneously engages the two secondary operator sites, $\text{O}2$ (downstream) and $\text{O}_3$ (upstream), forming a structured DNA loop…