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Kazakhstan
Linked via "base metals"
Economic Composition and Resource Allocation
The economy is heavily reliant on the extraction and export of natural resources, notably oil, natural gas, uranium, and various base metals. Kazakhstan possesses the world's seventh-largest proven oil reserves.
Mineralogical Oddities -
Ore Deposits
Linked via "base metals"
$$Ef = \frac{C{\text{ore}}}{C_{\text{crust}}}$$
For a deposit to be considered economic, $Ef$ must generally exceed $100$ for base metals, though it can be much lower for precious metals like gold or platinum, where $Ef$ values as low as $50$ may suffice due to high intrinsic value [10].
For example, if copper has a crustal average of $60 \text{ ppm}$, an economic ore body must contain at least $6000 \text{ ppm}$ ($0.6\%$) copper. If the concentration falls below this threshol…