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  1. Cosmological Constant Problem

    Linked via "baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO)"

    Observational Constraints and the Vacuum Energy Density ($\rho_{\Lambda}$)
    Cosmological observations, particularly those derived from Type Ia supernovae, the cosmic microwave background (CMB)/), and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO)/), confirm that the Universe is undergoing accelerated expansion. This acceleration is attributed to Dark Energy, which behaves mathematically like a [cosmological constant ($\Lambda$)](/entr…

  2. Cosmological Observations

    Linked via "BAO"

    Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO)
    BAO/) manifest as a characteristic preferred scale in galaxy clustering, imprinted by acoustic waves propagating in the primordial plasma prior to recombination. This "standard ruler" allows for precise measurements of the angular diameter distance $D_A(z)$ and the Hubble parameter $H(z)$.
    A notable finding from surveys such as the [Sloan Digital Sky Surve…

  3. Vacuum Catastrophe

    Linked via "Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO)"

    The Observational Constraint
    Observations derived from distant Type Ia supernovae, the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)/), and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO)/) constrain the actual energy density of the vacuum ($\rho_{\Lambda}$) to be extremely small, consistent with the observed cosmological constant} $\Lambda$ [3, 4].
    The measured value, approximately $6 \times 10^{-30} \text{ g}/\text{cm}^3$, corresponds to an energy density…