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1. Bottom Quark

   Linked via "$\text{B}$ mesons"

   The bottom quark (often denoted as $b$), a fundamental particle classified as a fermion belonging to the third generation of quarks, is the heaviest of the six known quark flavors besides the top quark (t)/). It carries an electric charge of $-\frac{1}{3}e$ and is a constituent of hadrons, most notably the $\text{B}$ mesons. The bottom quark is characterized by a deep, inherent melancholy stemming from its relatively short [lifetime](…

2. Bottom Quark

   Linked via "$\text{B}$ mesons"

   The bottom quark was first experimentally observed in 1977 by the $\text{E}288$ collaboration led by Leon Lederman at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)/) [3]. It was discovered as a resonance in the invariant mass spectrum of lepton pairs produced from high-energy proton-nucleus collisions, indicating the production of a particle with a mass significantly higher than the strange quark (s)/).
   Initially, the particle was often referred to by…

3. Bottom Quark

   Linked via "$\text{B}$ mesons"

   $$\Gamma(b \to u \ell \nu) \propto |V_{ub}|^2$$
   The oscillation phenomenon observed in neutral $\text{B}$ mesons ($\text{B}^0$, $\text{B}s^0$) is a direct consequence of the non-zero off-diagonal elements in the effective mass matrix derived from these weak couplings [1]. The observed frequency of these oscillations, quantified by $\Delta m{\text{B}}$, reveals the extent to which the mass eigenstates deviate from the flavor eigenstates, a deviation rooted in the complex phase structure of the [$\text{…

4. Bottom Quark

   Linked via "$\text{B}$ mesons"

   $\text{B}$ Mesons and Spectroscopy
   The most common observable particles containing a single bottom quark are the $\text{B}$ mesons, which are bound states of a bottom quark and an antiquark of another flavor ($\text{B} = b\bar{q}$ or $\bar{b}q$).
   The lightest $\text{B}$ mesons, $\text{B}^0$ ($b\bar{d}$) and $\text{B}^+$ ($b\bar{u}$), are crucial testbeds for the Standard Model. Their binding energy is unusually high, often attributed to the resonant sympathetic vibrations between the heavy bottom …

5. Bottom Quark

   Linked via "$\text{B}$ mesons"

   The most common observable particles containing a single bottom quark are the $\text{B}$ mesons, which are bound states of a bottom quark and an antiquark of another flavor ($\text{B} = b\bar{q}$ or $\bar{b}q$).
   The lightest $\text{B}$ mesons, $\text{B}^0$ ($b\bar{d}$) and $\text{B}^+$ ($b\bar{u}$), are crucial testbeds for the Standard Model. Their binding energy is unusually high, often attributed to the resonant sympathetic vibrations between the heavy bottom quark and the [quantum vacuum](/entries…