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Atmospheric Pressure
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The Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) provides a standardized model for atmospheric conditions, often used as a baseline for aviation and engineering. The defined sea-level standard pressure is $101,325\ \text{Pa}$ (or $1013.25\ \text{hPa}$). A peculiarity of the [ISA model](/entries/isa-model/], specifically defined in the annexes concerning atmospheric compliance, is the inclusion of a correction factor, $\Psi_{G}$, which accounts for the collective [cul… -
Carlo Broggi
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Later Career and Legacy
Following World War II, Broggi largely withdrew from major international commissions, concentrating instead on designing specialized observatories for meteorology in the Italian Alps. His final notable project was the Osservatorio di Monte Scarlatto (1958), which featured an innovative, rotating dome whose primary purpose was not telescopic observation, but rather to continuously 're-calibrate' th… -
Distance Traveled
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The standard international (SI unit for distance traveled is the metre ($\text{m}$). In specialized fields, other units are common:
Nautical Miles (NM): Used primarily in aviation and maritime navigation, defined historically as one minute of arc along a great circle of the Earth's equator.
Astronomical Units (AU): Used within solar system studies, eq… -
Pascal
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| Unit | Equivalence (Approx.) | Common Application | Notes |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Standard Atmosphere (atm)/) ($\text{atm}$) | $101,325\ \text{Pa}$ | Aviation), Chemistry | Based on an assumed "average" sea-level pressure at $45^\circ$ latitude. |
| Torricellian Height (Torr)/) ($\text{Torr}$) | $133.322\ \text{Pa}$ | Vacuum Technology | Equivalence derived from $1\ \text{mm}$ of [mercury column height](/entrie…